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¿Qué son los impuestos sobre los ingresos?

Written by a TurboTax Expert • Reviewed by Miguel Burgos, CPA

Updated for Tax Year 2022 • January 4, 2023 7:57 PM
OVERVIEW

Como parte de la Decimosexta Enmienda, los impuestos sobre los ingresos son parte de nuestras vidas. Aquí más información al respecto.

 

que son los impuestos sobre la renta

Introducción

Dado que los gobiernos no pueden funcionar sin ingresos, la mayoría de ellos cobran un impuesto generalmente basado en la cantidad de dinero que ganas anualmente. La mayor parte del dinero que recibes es considerado ingreso y está sujeto al impuesto. Esto no sólo incluye tu salario, sino también los intereses, dividendos, rentas, regalías, ganancias de lotería, compensación por desempleo y las ganancias de un negocio de tu propiedad. El impuesto sobre los ingresos es la mayor fuente de ingresos para el gobierno federal en los Estados Unidos.

¿Quién paga los impuestos?

Cuando se habla de impuestos sobre los ingresos, por lo general se está hablando de lo que las agencias tributarias llaman “impuestos sobre los ingresos personales", aquellos que pagan los trabajadores y otras personas que tengan ingresos. Sin embargo, las corporaciones, fideicomisos, sucesiones y muchos otros tipos de entidades también pagan impuestos sobre sus ganancias.

Además del sistema de impuesto sobre los ingresos federal, la mayoría de los estados imponen un sistema similar de impuestos sobre las personas y entidades que están vinculados con el estado. Para el 2022, sólo ocho estados no cobran un impuesto sobre los ingresos. Si vives en Alaska, Florida, Nevada, Dakota del Sur, Texas, Tennessee, Washington y Wyoming, entonces es probable que sólo seas responsable de pagar el impuesto sobre los ingresos federal.

Objetivo del impuesto sobre los ingresos

Según la Oficina de Presupuesto del Congreso, los impuestos sobre los ingresos personales son la fuente principal de ingresos del gobierno federal. En el 2017, por ejemplo, los individuos pagaron alrededor de US$ 1.66 trillones en impuestos sobre los ingresos, lo cual asciende al 48 % de los ingresos federales. El impuesto sobre los ingresos corporativos contribuyó unos $324 billones adicionales, o el 9 porciento de los ingresos federales. A nivel estatal, el porcentaje que abarcan los ingresos de impuestos sobre los ingresos pueden variar mucho ya que cada estado impone diferentes tipos de tasas tributarias y tienen otras fuentes de ingresos, como los impuestos a las ventas, impuestos a la propiedad y la asistencia federal.

Declaración voluntaria de los impuestos sobre los ingresos

El sistema tributario de los Estados Unidos es un sistema voluntario. Sin embargo, esto no significa que pagar el impuesto sobre los ingresos sea opcional. El gobierno federal se apoya en que cada uno de los contribuyentes informe voluntariamente todos sus ingresos en su declaración de impuestos y calcule el impuesto correspondiente de acuerdo con las leyes actuales de impuestos.

El IRS tiene medidas de seguridad para asegurar que cumplas. Por ejemplo, la agencia recibe una copia de tu W-2 cada año, y si no presentas una declaración, puede fácilmente calcular el impuesto para ti y te enviará una factura. Además, el IRS te puede cobrar intereses y multas, e incluso iniciar una acción penal en tu contra, pero sólo en el más grave y flagrante de los casos. Esta es una diferencia fundamental entre los impuestos sobre los ingresos y otras formas de impuestos, como los impuestos sobre las ventas, que los minoristas calculan y los consumidores pagan al momento de la compra.

Historia del impuesto sobre los ingresos

El primer impuesto sobre los ingresos federal se impuso en la década de 1860, cuando el gobierno tenía una necesidad desesperada de dinero para financiar la Guerra Civil. Años más tarde, en respuesta a varias sentencias judiciales que declaraban la inconstitucionalidad del impuesto sobre los ingresos, el Congreso aprobó la Decimosexta Enmienda a la Constitución de los Estados Unidos. La enmienda, que entró en vigor en 1913, autoriza expresamente los impuestos directos sobre los ingresos y es la base del sistema de impuestos sobre los ingresos federal tal como lo conocemos hoy en día.

Deja que un experto bilingüe se ocupe de la declaración de impuestos por ti, de principio a fin, con TurboTax Live Full Service. O puedes preparar tu declaración correctamente acompañado por expertos bilingües con TurboTax Live Assisted. Presenta tus impuestos con confianza con TurboTax. Solo responde unas preguntas simples, y te guiaremos en todo el proceso para presentar tu declaración de impuestos con confianza. Cualquiera que sea la forma que elijas, obtén el máximo reembolso, garantizado.

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