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Guía del impuesto sobre las ganancias de capital a corto y largo plazo

Written by a TurboTax Expert • Reviewed by Miguel Burgos, CPAUpdated for Tax Year 2023 • December 21, 2023 4:21 PM
OVERVIEW

Esta guía te puede ayudar a comprender mejor las distintas reglas que se aplican a diversos tipos de ganancias de capital, que, por lo general, son ganancias obtenidas de la venta de activos e inversiones por parte de contribuyentes.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Puntos clave

  • Las ganancias que generas por vender la mayoría de los activos se conocen como ganancias de capital, y generalmente son gravadas a diferentes tasas dependiendo por cuanto tiempo tuviste el activo.  
  • Las ganancias que generas por vender activos que tuviste durante un año o menos se llaman ganancias a corto plazo, y estas generalmente son gravadas a la misma tasa que tu ingreso ordinario, a alguna tasa entre 10 % a 37 %.
  • Las ganancias por la venta de activos que tuviste más de un año se les conoce como ganancias de capital a largo plazo, y estas son típicamente gravadas a tasas más bajas que tus ganancias a corto plazo e ingreso ordinario, de 0 % a 20 %, dependiendo de tu ingreso tributable.
  • Los gastos de viaje relacionados al negocio, depreciación de la propiedad y equipo, gastos de educación relacionados al negocio, gastos de publicidad y promoción, cuotas bancarias, y comidas de restaurantes necesarias, entretenimiento y otros costos pudieran también ser deducibles. 

Impuestos de ganancias de capital

El gobierno de EE.UU. grava distintos tipos de ingresos a distintas tasas. La tasa de impuesto que se aplica a algunos tipos de ganancias de capital, como las ganancias derivadas de la venta de una acción que conservaste durante mucho tiempo, suelen ser más favorables que las que se aplican a tu salario o a tus ingresos por intereses. Sin embargo, no todas las ganancias de capital se tratan de la misma manera. La tasa de impuesto puede variar considerablemente entre las ganancias a corto plazo y a largo plazo. Comprender la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital es un paso importante para la mayoría de los inversores.

¿Qué es una ganancia de capital?

Las ganancias de capital son ganancias que obtienes de la venta de un activo. Los activos suelen incluir negocios, terrenos, autos, embarcaciones y acciones. Cuando vendes uno de estos activos por un precio mayor al que pagaste para comprarlo, es posible que se produzca un evento sujeto a impuestos. Habitualmente, esto requiere que reportes la ganancia de capital sobre ese activo al IRS en tu declaración de impuestos sobre el ingreso.

¿Cuál es la diferencia entre una ganancia de capital a corto plazo y una a largo plazo?

En general, las ganancias de capital se gravan de acuerdo con el tiempo que conservaste un bien en particular, lo que se conoce como período de conservación. Las ganancias que obtienes de la venta de activos que conservaste durante un año o menos se denominan ganancias de capital a corto plazo. Por el contrario, las ganancias derivadas de activos que conservaste durante más de un año se conocen como ganancias de capital a largo plazo. Normalmente, existen reglas específicas y se aplican distintas tasas de impuesto a las ganancias de capital a corto plazo y a las de largo plazo. Por lo general, pagarás menos impuestos sobre las ganancias de capital a largo plazo que sobre las ganancias de capital a corto plazo.

¿Cuál es la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a corto plazo de 2023?

Habitualmente, no gozas de ninguna tasa de impuesto especial sobre ganancias de capital a corto plazo. Por el contrario, estas ganancias se suelen gravar a la misma tasa que los ingresos ordinarios. Esta tasa de impuesto depende de tus ingresos y tu estado civil. Otros puntos a señalar acerca de las ganancias de capital a corto plazo son los siguientes:

  • El período de conservación comienza a correr desde el día posterior a la fecha en que adquiriste el bien y termina el día en que lo vendes.
  • Las tasas de impuesto ordinarias oscilan entre el 10% y el 37%, de acuerdo con tus ingresos y tu estado civil.

Tasas de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a corto plazo de 2023

Tasa de impuesto
10%12%22%24%32%35%37%
Estado civil

Ingresos tributables

Soltero/aHasta $11,000De $11,001 a $44,725De $44,726 a $95,375De $95,376 a $182,100De $182,101 a $231,250De $231,251 a $578,125Más de $578,125
Cabeza de familiaHasta $15,700De $15,701 a $59,850De 59,851 a $95,350De $95,351 a $182,100De $182,101 a $231,250De $231,251 a $578,100Más de $578,100
Casado que presenta la declaración de forma conjuntaHasta $22,000De $22,001 a $89,450De $89,451 a $190,750De $190,751 a $364,200De $364,201 a $462,500De $462,501 a $693,750Más de $693,750
Casado que presenta la declaración por separadoHasta $11,000De $11,001 a $44,725De $44,726 a $95,375De $95,376 a $182,100De $182,101 a $231,250De $231,251 a $346,875Más de $346,875

Tasas de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a corto plazo de 2024

Tasa de impuesto10%12%22%24%32%35%37%
Estado Civil

Ingreso tributable

SolteroHasta $11,600$11,601 a $47,150$47,151 a $100,525$100,526 a $191,950$191,951 a $243,725$243,726 a $609,350Más de $609,350
Cabeza de familiaHasta $16,550$16,551 a $63,100$63,101 a $100,500$100,501 a $191,950$191,951 a $243,700$243,701 a $609,350Más de $609,350
Casado declarando en conjuntoHasta $23,200$23,201 a $94,300$94,301 a $201,050$201,051 a $383,900$383,901 a $487,450$487,451 to $731,200Más de $731,200
Casado que presenta por separadoHasta $11,600$11,601 a $47,150$47,151 a $100,525$100,526 a $191,950$191,951 a $243,725$243,726 a $365,600Más de $365,600

 

Nota de TurboTax:

Una excepción mayor a la tasa de impuestos sobre ganancias de capital en ganancias de bienes raíces es la venta de tu residencia principal. Si has sido dueño de tu hogar y ha sido tu residencia principal durante al menos dos de los últimos cinco años previos a venderlo, entonces usualmente puedes excluir hasta $250,000 en ganancias de capital sobre este tipo de venta de bienes raíces si eres soltero, y hasta $500,000 si eres casado que presenta su declaración en conjunto.

¿Cuál es la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a largo plazo de 2023?

Si conservas el bien durante más de un año, muchas veces, puedes de una tasa de impuesto reducida sobre tus ganancias. Según el IRS, las personas que se encuentran dentro de la escala de impuestos más baja podrían no pagar nada por la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital, mientras que los contribuyentes con altos ingresos podrían ahorrar hasta un 17 % de la tasa ordinaria sobre los ingresos.

Tasas de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a largo plazo de 2023

Tasa de impuesto0%15%20%
Estado Civil

Ingreso tributable

SolteroHasta $44,625$44,626 a $492,300Más de $492,300
Cabeza de familiaHasta $59,750$59,751 to $523,050Más de $523,050
Casado declarando en conjuntoHasta $89,250$89,251 to $553,850Más de $553,850
Casado declarando por separadoHasta $44,625$44,626 a $276,900Más de $276,900

Tasas de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a largo plazo de 2024

Tasa de impuesto
0%15%20%
Estado CivilIngreso tributable
SolteroHasta $47,025$47,026 a $518,900Más de $518,900
Cabeza de familiaHasta $63,000$63,001 a $551,350Más de $551,350
Casado declarando en conjuntoHasta $94,050$94,051 a $583,750Más de $583,750
Casado declarando por separadoHasta $47,025$47,025 a $291,850Más de $291,850

¿Cuáles son las excepciones a la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital que se aplican a las ganancias a largo plazo?

Una excepción importante a la reducción de la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a largo plazo se aplica a los artículos de colección, como antigüedades, obras de arte, monedas o, incluso, valiosos vinos de guarda. Por lo general, las ganancias derivadas de la venta de estos artículos de colección se gravarán a una tasa del 28 %, independientemente del tiempo que hayas conservado el artículo en cuestión.

Otra excepción importante proviene del Impuesto sobre los Ingresos Netos por Inversiones (NIIT, por sus siglas en inglés), que agrega un recargo del 3.8 % a determinadas inversiones netas de personas, patrimonios y fideicomisos a partir de un límite definido. Ese recargo suele aplicarse a aquellas personas con altos ingresos que también tienen una cantidad considerable de ganancias de capital derivadas de inversiones, ingresos por intereses y por dividendos.

¿Cuál es la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital en el caso de cuentas de jubilación?

Uno de los tantos beneficios de las cuentas IRA y otras cuentas de jubilación es que puedes diferir el pago de impuestos sobre ganancias de capital. Ya sea que generes una ganancia a corto plazo o a largo plazo en tu cuenta IRA, no tendrás que pagar ningún impuesto hasta que retires el dinero de la cuenta.

El lado negativo es que todas las contribuciones y ganancias que retiras de una cuenta IRA sujeta a impuestos u otras cuentas de jubilación tributables, incluso ganancias derivadas de ganancias de capital a largo plazo, suelen gravarse como ingresos ordinarios. Por lo tanto, si bien las cuentas de jubilación ofrecen el aplazamiento de impuestos, no gozan de la reducción de tasas de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital a largo plazo.

¿Cómo afectan las perdidas de capital tus impuestos?

Como mencionamos antes, se aplican distintas tasas de impuesto a las ganancias a corto plazo y a largo plazo. Sin embargo, si tus inversiones terminan dándote pérdidas en vez de generarte ganancias, esas pérdidas pueden también afectar tus impuestos. No obstante, en este caso, puedes usar esas pérdidas para reducir tus impuestos. El IRS te permite equilibrar tus ganancias y pérdidas de cualquier año en particular a fin de determinar tu ganancia o pérdida de capital neta.

  • Si después de reducir tus ganancias con las pérdidas terminas teniendo una pérdida neta, puedes usar hasta $3,000 de ella por año para reducir tus demás ingresos sujetos a impuestos.
  • Todas las pérdidas adicionales se pueden trasladar a años futuros para compensar ya sea ganancias de capital o hasta $3,000 por año de otros ingresos ordinarios.
  • Como en una cuenta de jubilación no generas ganancias ni pérdidas de capital, no puedes usar las pérdidas de cuentas IRA ni de planes 401(k) para compensar ganancias u otros ingresos.

¿Cómo puedo minimizar los impuestos sobre ganancias de capital?

Existen varias maneras de minimizar los impuestos que pagas sobre ganancias de capital:

  1. Espera para vender los bienes. Si puedes conservar un bien durante más de un año antes de venderlo, por lo general, es probable que tengas que pagar una tasa más baja de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital con relación a esas ganancias.
  2. Invierte en cuentas no sujetas a impuestos o con impuestos diferidos. Si inviertes dinero en planes 401(k), cuentas Roth IRA y planes de ahorros universitarios 529, podrías ahorrar bastante en impuestos. Esto es porque estas inversiones pueden aumentar libres de impuestos o con impuestos diferidos, lo que significa que no tendrás que pagar impuestos sobre ganancias de capital de inmediato y, en algunos casos, no tendrás que pagar ni siquiera cuando retires el dinero.
  3. No vendas tu vivienda demasiado rápido. Una excepción importante a la tasa de impuesto sobre ganancias de capital por ganancias obtenidas de bienes raíces es tu residencia principal. Si fuiste propietario de tu vivienda y la usaste como residencia principal durante al menos dos de los cinco años previos a la venta, por lo general, puedes excluir hasta $250,000 de ganancias de capital sobre este tipo de bienes raíces si eres soltero y hasta $500,000 si eres casado y presentas tu presentación de forma conjunta. También es importante aclarar que, normalmente, no puedes excluir la venta de varias viviendas de los impuestos sobre ganancias de capital dentro de un período de dos años.

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  • TurboTax Live Full Service - File your taxes as soon as today: TurboTax Full Service Experts are available to prepare 2023 tax returns starting January 8, 2024. Based on completion time for the majority of customers and may vary based on expert availability. The tax preparation assistant will validate the customer’s tax situation during the welcome call and review uploaded documents to assess readiness. All tax forms and documents must be ready and uploaded by the customer for the tax preparation assistant to refer the customer to an available expert for live tax preparation.

  • TurboTax Live Full Service -- Verified Pro -- “Local” and “In-Person”: Not all feature combinations are available for all locations. "Local" experts are defined as being located within the same state as the consumer’s zip code for virtual meetings. "Local" Pros for the purpose of in-person meetings are defined as being located within 50 miles of the consumer's zip code. In-person meetings with local Pros are available on a limited basis in some locations, but not available in all States or locations. Not all pros provide in-person services.

  • Smart Insights: Individual taxes only. Included with TurboTax Deluxe, Premium, TurboTax Live, TurboTax Live Full Service, or with PLUS benefits, and is available through 11/1/2024. Terms and conditions may vary and are subject to change without notice.

  • My Docs features: Included with TurboTax Deluxe, Premium TurboTax Live, TurboTax Live Full Service, or with PLUS benefits and is available through 12/31/2025. Terms and conditions may vary and are subject to change without notice.

  • Tax Return Access: Included with all TurboTax Free Edition, Deluxe, Premium, TurboTax Live, TurboTax Live Full Service customers and access to up to the prior seven years of tax returns we have on file for you is available through 12/31/2025. Terms and conditions may vary and are subject to change without notice.

  • Easy Online Amend: Individual taxes only. Included with TurboTax Deluxe, Premium, TurboTax Live, TurboTax Live Full Service, or with PLUS benefits. Make changes to your 2023 tax return online for up to 3 years after it has been filed and accepted by the IRS through 10/31/2026. Terms and conditions may vary and are subject to change without notice. For TurboTax Live Full Service, your tax expert will amend your 2023 tax return for you through 11/15/2024. After 11/15/2024, TurboTax Live Full Service customers will be able to amend their 2023 tax return themselves using the Easy Online Amend process described above.

  • #1 best-selling tax software: Based on aggregated sales data for all tax year 2022 TurboTax products.

  • #1 online tax filing solution for self-employed: Based upon IRS Sole Proprietor data as of 2023, tax year 2022. Self-Employed defined as a return with a Schedule C tax form. Online competitor data is extrapolated from press releases and SEC filings. “Online” is defined as an individual income tax DIY return (non-preparer signed) that was prepared online & either e-filed or printed, not including returns prepared through desktop software or FFA prepared returns, 2022.

  • CompleteCheck: Covered under the TurboTax accurate calculations and maximum refund guarantees. Limitations apply. See Terms of Service for details.
  • TurboTax Premium Pricing Comparison: Cost savings based on a comparison of TurboTax product prices to average prices set forth in the 2020-2021 NSA Fees-Acct-Tax Practices Survey Report.

  • 1099-K Snap and Autofill: Available in mobile app and mobile web only.

  • 1099-NEC Snap and Autofill: Available in TurboTax Premium (formerly Self-Employed) and TurboTax Live Assisted Premium (formerly Self-Employed). Available in mobile app only. Feature available within Schedule C tax form for TurboTax filers with 1099-NEC income.

  • Year-Round Tax Estimator: Available in TurboTax Premium (formerly Self-Employed) and TurboTax Live Assisted Premium (formerly Self-Employed). This product feature is only available after you finish and file in a self-employed TurboTax product.

  • **Refer a Friend: Rewards good for up to 20 friends, or $500 - see official terms and conditions for more details.

  • Refer your Expert (Intuit’s own experts): Rewards good for up to 20 referrals, or $500 - see official terms and conditions for more details.

  • Refer your Expert (TurboTax Verified Independent Pro): Rewards good for up to 20 referrals, or $500 - see official terms and conditions for more details.

  • Average Refund Amount: Sum of $3140 is the average refund American taxpayers received based upon IRS data date ending 2/17/23 and may not reflect actual refund amount received.

  • Average Deduction Amount: Based on the average amount of deductions/expenses found by TurboTax Self Employed customers who filed expenses on Schedule C in Tax Year 2022 and may not reflect actual deductions found.

  • More self-employed deductions based on the median amount of expenses found by TurboTax Premium (formerly Self Employed) customers who synced accounts, imported and categorized transactions compared to manual entry. Individual results may vary.

  • TurboTax Online Business Products: For TurboTax Live Assisted Business and TurboTax Full Service Business, we currently don’t support the following tax situations: C-Corps (Form 1120-C), Trust/Estates (Form 1041), Multiple state filings, Tax Exempt Entities/Non-Profits, Entities electing to be treated as a C-Corp, Schedule C Sole proprietorship, Payroll, Sales tax, Quarterly filings, and Foreign Income. TurboTax Live Assisted Business is currently available only in AK, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, FL, GA, IL, KS, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, NC, NJ, NV, NY, OH, PA, RI, SD, TN, TX, UT, VA, WA, WV and WY.

  • Audit Defense: Audit Defense is a third-party add-on service provided, for a fee, by TaxResources, Inc., dba Tax Audit. See Membership Agreements at https://turbotax.intuit.com/corp/softwarelicense/ for service terms and conditions. 

TURBOTAX DESKTOP GUARANTEES

TurboTax Desktop Individual Returns:

  • 100% Accurate Calculations Guarantee – Individual Returns: If you pay an IRS or state penalty or interest because of a TurboTax calculation error, we’ll pay you the penalty and interest. Excludes payment plans. This guarantee is good for the lifetime of your personal, individual tax return, which Intuit defines as seven years from the date you filed it with TurboTax Desktop. Excludes TurboTax Desktop Business returns. Additional terms and limitations apply. See License Agreement for details.

  • Maximum Refund Guarantee / Maximum Tax Savings Guarantee - or Your Money Back – Individual Returns: If you get a larger refund or smaller tax due from another tax preparation method by filing an amended return, we'll refund the applicable TurboTax federal and/or state software license purchase price you paid. This guarantee is good for the lifetime of your personal, individual tax return, which Intuit defines as seven years from the date you filed it with TurboTax Desktop. Excludes TurboTax Desktop Business returns. Additional terms and limitations apply. See License Agreement for details.

  • Audit Support Guarantee – Individual Returns: If you receive an audit letter from the IRS or State Department of Revenue based on your 2024 TurboTax individual tax return, we will provide one-on-one question-and-answer support with a tax professional, if requested through our Audit Support Center, for audited individual returns filed with TurboTax Desktop for the current 2024 tax year and, for individual, non-business returns, for the past two tax years (2022, 2023). Audit support is informational only. We will not represent you before the IRS or state tax authority or provide legal advice. If we are not able to connect you to one of our tax professionals, we will refund the applicable TurboTax federal and/or state license purchase price you paid. This guarantee is good for the lifetime of your personal, individual tax return, which Intuit defines as seven years from the date you filed it with TurboTax Desktop. Excludes TurboTax Desktop Business returns. Additional terms and limitations apply. See License Agreement for details.

  • Satisfaction Guarantee/ 60-Day Money Back Guarantee: If you're not completely satisfied with TurboTax Desktop software, go to refundrequest.intuit.com within 60 days of purchase and follow the process listed to submit a refund request. You must return this product using your license code or order number and dated receipt. Desktop add-on products and services purchased are non-refundable.

TurboTax Desktop Business Returns:

  • 100% Accurate Calculations Guarantee – Business Returns: If you pay an IRS or state penalty or interest because of a TurboTax calculation error, we’ll pay you the penalty and interest. Excludes payment plans. You are responsible for paying any additional tax liability you may owe. Additional terms and limitations apply. See License Agreement for details.

  • Maximum Tax Savings Guarantee - Business Returns: If you get a smaller tax due (or larger business tax refund) from another tax preparation method using the same data, TurboTax will refund the applicable TurboTax Business Desktop license purchase price you paid. Additional terms and limitations apply. See License Agreement for details.

  • Satisfaction Guarantee/ 60-Day Money Back Guarantee: If you're not completely satisfied with TurboTax Desktop software, go to refundrequest.intuit.com within 60 days of purchase and follow the process listed to submit a refund request. You must return this product using your license code or order number and dated receipt. Desktop add-on products and services purchased are non-refundable.

TURBOTAX DESKTOP DISCLAIMERS

  • Installation Requirements: Product download, installation and activation requires an Intuit Account and internet connection. Product limited to one account per license code. You must accept the TurboTax License Agreement to use this product. Not for use by paid preparers.

  • TurboTax Desktop Products: Price includes tax preparation and printing of federal tax returns and free federal e-file of up to 5 federal tax returns. Additional fees apply for e-filing state returns. E-file fees may not apply in certain states, check here for details. Savings and price comparison based on anticipated price increase. Software updates and optional online features require internet connection. Desktop add-on products and services purchased are non-refundable.

  • Fastest Refund Possible: Get your tax refund from the IRS as fast as possible by e-filing and choosing to receive your refund by direct deposit. Tax refund time frames will vary. The IRS issues more than 9 out of 10 refunds in less than 21 days.

  • Average Refund Amount: $3,207 is the average refund amount American taxpayers received in the 2024 filing season based upon IRS data as of February 16, 2024 and may not reflect actual refund amount received.

  • TurboTax Technical Support: Customer service and technical support hours and options vary by time of year.

  • Deduct From Your Federal Refund: Individual taxes only. Subject to eligibility requirements. Additional terms apply. A $40 Refund Processing Service fee applies to this payment. method. Prices are subject to change without notice.

  • Data Import: Imports financial data from participating companies; Requires Intuit Account. Quicken and QuickBooks import not available with TurboTax installed on a Mac. Imports from Quicken (2022 and higher) and QuickBooks Desktop (2023 and higher); both Windows only. Quicken import not available for TurboTax Desktop Business. Quicken products provided by Quicken Inc., Quicken import subject to change.

  • Live Tax Advice: Access to tax experts to obtain answers to tax questions and to assist with tax year 2024 return(s) prepared with TurboTax Desktop software. Additional fees apply. Must be purchased and used by October 31, 2025. Excludes TurboTax Desktop Business. See License Agreement for details.

  • Audit Defense: Audit Defense is a third-party add-on service provided, for a fee, by TaxResources, Inc., dba Tax Audit. See Membership Agreements at https://turbotax.intuit.com/corp/softwarelicense/for service terms and conditions.

All features, services, support, prices, offers, terms and conditions are subject to change without notice.

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