OVERVIEW
Did you receive a payment or other property from an estate or trust during the year? If so, here's what you need to know about how it affects your taxes.
I am a beneficiary of my father's estate. I received a cash bequest of $50,000. Do I have to pay tax on it?
No, the cash your father left you in his will is tax-free.
My uncle left me $10,000 worth of stock. Is that taxable?
You don't owe tax when you inherit the stock. You might or might not owe tax when you sell the stock.
When you inherit stock, your "tax basis" in the securities—that is, the value you use to determine your tax gain or loss—is generally the value of the stock on the date of your uncle's death as noted in any estate or inheritance records. So you would owe capital gains tax only on the amount of any appreciation after your uncle's death. If the stock falls in value before you sell it, you would have a tax-saving capital loss.
I heard that all inheritances are tax-free. Is that correct?
In a word, no.
Cash, stock and real estate are not taxed as income when you inherit them, but you could have taxable gains when you sell the stock or real estate—depending on the circumstances. Some other assets come with a tax string attached—you're taxed on part or all of the value, just like the original owner would have been if they had lived. This rule often comes into play for assets that have what's called "income in respect of a decedent."
Common examples of assets of this type are:
- savings bonds
- annuities
- IRAs
- other tax-favored retirement plan accounts such as 401(k) accounts
If you inherit savings bonds, for example, you'll owe tax on all interest that accrued during the life of the previous owner. If you inherit an annuity, the same portion of each payment will be taxable or tax-free as was true for the original owner. This same rule applies if you are the beneficiary of a traditional IRA, as discussed later.
I inherited some EE Savings Bonds from my mother's estate. Are the bonds fully taxable?
The principal on the bonds is tax-free, but you will owe income tax on some or all of the accrued interest.
If your mother was like most taxpayers and did not pay tax on the interest as it accrued each year, the executor of her estate can elect to have the estate pay income tax on the interest earned before your mother's death. If so, that wipes out your tax liability for that interest when you cash in the bonds.
On interest that accrues after her death, you have a choice of:
- paying tax each year on the interest, or
- postponing the tax bill until you cash in the bonds
If your mother's estate doesn't pay income tax on the interest, you typically have the same choice for all of the accrued interest on the bonds: Pay tax now or postpone the bill until you cash in the bonds.
If your mother paid tax each year as the interest accrued on the bonds, you only need to report the interest earned after her death.
My father died in 2022 at age 68. I was named as the beneficiary of his IRA. Is this a tax-free inheritance?
It depends. If it's a Roth IRA, the inheritance is typically federal-income-tax-free if the account was opened more than five years before you take any withdrawals. If it's a traditional IRA, however, you will usually owe income tax as you withdraw money from the account.
My spouse died in 2021 at age 68 and I was the beneficiary of his traditional IRA. What are my options?
You have the option to withdrawal the money in the account over your life expectancy, over a 10 year period or treat the IRA as your own IRA and follow the normal rules for IRA distributions.
Under the third option, you can elect to treat the IRA as your own by either,
- rolling the money over to an existing IRA in your name, or
- re-titling the IRA to show you as the account owner (rather than the account beneficiary).
By doing so, you won’t have to begin taking mandatory annual withdrawals from the IRA until after you reach age 72.
I inherited my mother's traditional IRA. Do I have to pay tax on the full amount I receive each year from the account?
Actually, when you inherit an IRA, there's an easily overlooked deduction.
If the estate was large enough to be subject to federal estate tax, you can deduct the portion of the federal estate tax attributable to the IRA. In addition, you don’t have to pay tax on the portion of withdrawals attributable to nondeductible contributions that your mother made to the IRA (if any).
Here's an example:
Say you inherited a $50,000 IRA when your mother died in 2022, which, because it was included in your mother's taxable estate, boosted the estate tax bill by $22,500.
- Although you have to pay federal income tax as you pull the money out of the IRA, you also get an income tax deduction for that $22,500.
- If you pulled the entire $50,000 out in 2022, you get the full deduction on your 2022 return.
- If you withdrew just $5,000 (one-tenth of the account), you deduct 10% of the estate tax bill attributable to the IRA. That’s $2,250 in this example.
This deduction for federal estate tax on "income in respect of a decedent" is taken on line 16 of Schedule A.
I set up a trust for my son. Do I have to file a tax return for the trust?
You are required to file a tax return for the trust if its gross income is $600 or more unless an exception applies such as if it is a grantor trust where the grantor reports all of the income and expenses on their own personal tax return.
I received a form called a 1041 K-1 for a trust my parents set up for my siblings and me. How does it affect my taxes?
If you are the beneficiary of a trust, you are typically responsible for paying tax on your share of the trust income that's allocated to you by the trust. The Schedule K-1 you receive provides details about your share of the trust's income, deductions and credits, which you report on your tax return. The K-1 tells you where to report each item. TurboTax does this for you automatically.
How are trusts taxed for income tax purposes?
Trusts have their own income tax rate schedule for income the trustee chooses to retain rather than distribute to beneficiaries. To prevent trusts from being used as tax shelters, higher tax rates kick in at much lower income levels than for individuals.
For example, if a trust has undistributed taxable income of more than $2,750, it is at least in the 24% tax bracket in 2022. By contrast,
- married joint-filing couples don't reach that tax bracket until they have more than $178,150 of taxable income
- single taxpayers need more than $89,075 of taxable income to be in the 24% bracket for 2022.
Trusts reach the maximum 37% tax bracket with undistributed taxable income of more than $13,450 in 2022, while married joint-filing couples need to have more than $647,850 of taxable income to be taxed at the highest rate in 2022.
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