Key Takeaways
- Taxpayers may be eligible to claim a casualty deduction for property damage caused by a sudden, unexpected, or unusual event, including car accidents, extreme weather, and vandalism.
- To claim a casualty loss deduction, taxpayers must be able to prove ownership of the property and must report any anticipated reimbursements from insurance companies or lawsuits, which will reduce the deductible loss.
- The deductible amount is determined by using the smaller of the property's tax basis or decrease in fair market value, with the actual loss reduced by $100 and then by an amount equal to 10% of adjusted gross income.
- Taxpayers should complete IRS Form 4684 to claim the deduction, but only if the casualty loss is not the result of a federally declared disaster.
The article below is accurate for tax year 2017.
If you suffer property damage during the tax year as a result of a sudden, unexpected or unusual event, you may be eligible to claim a casualty deduction for your property loss. Typically, the property loss is caused by a car accident in which you are not at fault or the result of extreme weather such as tornadoes and hurricanes. However, the casualty deduction is also available if you are the victim of vandalism.
Proving your casualty deduction
To claim a casualty loss deduction on your federal income tax, you must prove to the IRS that you are the rightful owner of the property. Most importantly, you must notify the IRS of any reimbursement you anticipate receiving from an insurance company or a lawsuit that is likely to result in a monetary settlement. You must reduce your deductible loss by these proceeds since the deduction only covers unrecoverable losses.
Actual property loss
The IRS requires you to use the smaller of the property’s tax basis or the decrease in fair market value in determining the deductible amount. In most cases, the tax basis is equal to the amount you originally pay for the property.
Suppose you purchase a new vehicle in 2017 for $25,000 and two years later when the vehicle is worth $15,000 you are in an accident that renders the car worthless. Although your actual loss is the $25,000 purchase price, for tax purposes, the loss is only $15,000 since this is the car’s fair market value on the day of the accident. However, if your car has a salvage value of $1,000 after the accident, your casualty loss decreases to $14,000.
TurboTax Tip:
For 2016 Presidential Declared Disaster areas, taxpayers may be able to deduct casualty losses even when taking the Standard Deduction. The law also allows for special treatment of qualified disaster distributions from eligible retirement plans.
Deductible property loss
Once you determine your actual loss, you must then reduce it by $100. This $100 reduction is applied to each separate casualty event, not each piece of property. For example, if your home is damaged by two separate hurricanes during the year, each hurricane is considered a separate event.
After applying the $100 reductions, your total casualty loss for the year is reduced again by an amount that equals 10 percent of your adjusted gross income. The net result is the deduction you can claim on your tax return.
Reporting your casualty deduction
Claiming the deduction requires you to complete IRS Form 4684. However, if the casualty loss is not the result of a federally declared disaster, you must itemize your deductions to claim the loss. Generally, you itemize deductions on Schedule A of your tax return if your itemized deductible expenses for the year exceed the Standard Deduction amount for your filing status.
Special Treatment for Presidential Declared 2016 Disaster Areas
As part of the new tax law changes passed in late 2017, casualty loss deductions became easier to take form many taxpayers. The change in the law allows for these casualty losses to be deducted even if you take the Standard Deduction rather than itemizing your deductions as described above.
To take a casualty loss deduction in conjunction with the Standard Deduction, your net casualty loss that exceeds $500 is added to your Standard Deduction amount.
In addition to allowing the use of the Standard Deduction for these losses, the law also allows for special treatment of qualified disaster distributions from eligible retirement plans including:
- Paying the money back to the retirement plan
- Spreading the amount to be included in income over a three-year period unless you elect out
You should contact your retirement plan administrator for the details associated with making these withdrawals.
These changes are only for 2016 Presidential Declared Disasters, but they can affect your tax returns in other years.
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