Most on-demand workers are independent contractors
Workers who perform on-demand jobs—like Uber drivers—are usually treated as independent contractors for tax purposes. Independent contractors are not employees, so if this is your classification, your company doesn't pay for benefits or withhold taxes from your income.
Your employer will report your income to you and to the IRS on a Form 1099-NEC, and you're required to report it on your tax return. Use Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business and include it with your Form 1040 filing. If you receive payments through online payment services such as PayPal, you might receive a 1099-K. Payers will also send these forms to the IRS to report your income.
The IRS is gradually phasing in new 1099-K reporting requirements for payments from third-party processors like Venmo and Paypal. In 2021, Congress changed the reporting threshold from over $20,000 in payments and more than 200 transactions to over $600 in payments regardless of the number of transactions. But instead of using the new $600 threshold right away, the IRS applied the previous reporting threshold for the 2022 and 2023 tax years. For the 2024 tax year, the IRS plans to use a $5,000 threshold, regardless of the number of transactions. The tax agency hasn’t announced its plans for after 2024 yet. On the other hand, some states have already started using the $600 threshold for their own reporting requirements.
Independent contractors take business deductions and pay self-employment tax
If you are working as an independent contractor, for tax purposes, you're essentially in business for yourself. On the Schedule C form, you'll report not just your gross income, but also any business expenses you are taking as tax deductions, including either:
- actual vehicle expenses related to that business
- standard mileage deduction—for 2023 the rate is 65.5 cents per mile and for 2024 it increases to 67 cents per mile.
Self-employed workers pay self-employment tax that covers Social Security and Medicare taxes. You report the tax on Form 1040 but, calculate it on Schedule SE Self-Employment Tax.
Robert Jones of San Francisco, California, has made money driving for Uber for several years. "I am always very careful about keeping business records," he says. "I write down the odometer reading every time I get into and out of the car."
Some companies treat on-demand workers as employees
If you are classified by your company as an employee, you'll receive any employee benefits you are eligible for, and your share of payroll taxes will be withheld from your salary.
You will also pay less tax. Under the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), your employer pays:
- half of your Social Security and Medicare taxes
- withholds the other half from your pay and sends it to the IRS for you
As an employee, you are likely to have fewer business-related deductions than as an independent contractor, but you can still deduct some business expenses through tax year 2017. Beginning in 2018, these unreimbursed employee expenses are no longer deductible.
Determining classification of on-demand workers
For tax purposes, defining an on-demand worker as an employee or an independent contractor depends on a variety of factors. Usually, the main determining factor is the level of control the employing company enforces—or has the right to enforce—over its workers. The IRS also looks at whether the company:
- offers benefits
- sets prices
- provides supplies
- reimburses expenses
Sometimes companies decide to treat their on-demand workers as employees for tax purposes, although companies such as Uber, Lyft, Upwork (formerly Elance-oDesk) and LiveOps generally do not. In many cases, the businesses that decide to treat on-demand workers as employees are those with lower worker-to-customer ratios.
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