Do the Math: Understanding Your Tax Refund
For most people, tax is collected by an employer at a rate that estimates your tax for the year. Your actual earnings and the deductions that you’re allowed to claim might cause you to pay too much tax, which leads the Internal Revenue Service to issue you a refund. "The idea behind a tax refund is quite simple," says James Windsor, a certified public accountant from Ann Arbor, Michigan. "When you pay more tax than you owe, the Internal Revenue Service returns the overpayment as your refund."
Key Takeaways
- Tax deductions reduce taxable income and may help you receive a tax refund.
- Tax credits reduce the taxes you owe on a dollar-for-dollar basis.
- Contributions to qualified retirement accounts can increase this year’s refund while providing for the future.
- Roth IRAs take after-tax contributions now and withdrawals are tax-free at retirement.
Income tax withholding
When you start a new job, you’ll complete Form W-4. This is the Employee's Withholding Certificate, from which your employer determines your rate of tax withholding. The amount that gets withheld is based on the information that you provide regarding income, credit, and deductions along with any additional tax you wish to withhold. The IRS recommends that you complete a new W-4 annually or whenever your life circumstances change, to prevent having tax deducted at an unrealistic rate. If you regularly owe taxes when you file your return, or if you have other income sources or deductions that may affect your tax rate, adding an additional withheld amount on your W-4 may put you in a refund position or keep you from owing too much.
Using tax deductions
Tax deductions reduce your taxable income and therefore can reduce the amount of tax you owe. Reducing the taxable portion of your income can help to swing your tax return toward the refund side. Taking the Standard Deduction is an easy way to reduce your taxable income, but you have the option to calculate your itemized deductions, using your actual deductible expenses. If your itemized deductions total more than the Standard Deduction, then you usually would use them instead of the Standard Deduction.
Some of the more popular itemized deductions include qualified medical expenses, mortgage interest, property taxes, state income taxes, and charitable contribution. TurboTax can guide you through the process of itemizing your deductions.
TurboTax Tip:
Contributions to health and education savings plans can reduce taxable income and increase your refund the year made.
Using tax credits
While tax deductions can reduce your taxable income, the effect is that they only reduce your tax by a portion of the amount deducted. Tax credits, on the other hand, reduce taxes dollar-for-dollar and frequently address very specific expenditures, such as energy efficiency initiatives or government initiatives like the Earned Income Tax Credit. Other high-return credits include:
- Child and Dependent Care Credit
- Child Tax Credit
- Retirement Savings Contributions Credit
- American Opportunity Tax Credit
The Affordable Care Act spawned the Premium tax credit, to assist modest income earners who purchase health insurance coverage through state and federal health insurance marketplaces.
Savings plans and deferred tax
Income deferral is another way to increase this year’s refund, while providing for yourself down the road. Qualified retirement accounts are a common way to accomplish this. Deductible contributions to a qualifying plan reduce your taxable income in the year you make them, and income tax is then paid when you withdraw funds. Ideally, your tax rate after retirement will be lower than when contributions are made, so you end up paying less tax down the road, as well as lowering your tax in the current year.
Not all retirement accounts are alike. A Roth IRA, for example, takes after-tax contributions now and withdrawals are tax-free at retirement. That’s a good idea if you expect your tax rate to be higher in retirement or if you have a very long time to invest and have significant growth in your retirement assets.
Contributions to health and education savings plans can also reduce taxable income and increase your refund the year made, and, if used for the intended purpose, may be tax-free upon withdrawal.
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