What Is Schedule J: Income Averaging for Farmers and Fishermen
Income averaging for farmers and fishermen provides a way to balance an income tax burden over several years, reducing the effects of both lean and bounty years. Schedule J is the Internal Revenue Service form used when you want to average your fishing or farming income.
Key Takeaways
- Income averaging using Schedule J can help farmers and fishermen balance their current tax rate with previous years and avoid being taxed at a significantly higher rate in the current year.
- To qualify for income averaging, a farming business must be involved in cultivating land, raising or harvesting agricultural or horticultural commodities, and leasing land to farmers as long as lease payments are based on a share of the tenant's production.
- Fishing businesses must involve the catching, taking or harvesting of fish or other marine life, and crew members can qualify if their income is based on a share of the catch.
- Farm income for income averaging can include gains or losses from the sale of property and assets used in the business.
When income averaging is beneficial
You may wish to consider income averaging if your income from fishing and farming activities for the current tax year is substantially higher than your income from any source over the previous three years. Electing to use Schedule J to average your income allows you to balance your current tax rate with the rates from previous years, so you’re not taxed at a significantly higher rate in the current year. Income from the three previous years, referred to as the base years, doesn’t have to originate from farming or fishing activity.
Farming businesses that qualify for income averaging
The IRS defines a farming business as one involved in the trade of cultivating land or the raising or harvesting of any agricultural or horticultural commodity. This excludes buying and reselling plants or animals raised by someone else, or the harvesting under contract of agricultural or horticultural commodities grown by someone else. Leasing land to a tenant engaged in farming is allowed for income averaging, as long as lease payments are based on a share of the tenant's production, rather than a fixed fee. This agreement also must be in place before the tenant starts farming operations.
TurboTax Tip:
Schedule J and its instructions guide taxpayers through calculating tax on current year elected farm income as well as the three base years to determine average income.
Fishing businesses and income averaging
- Fishing business refers to the catching, taking or harvesting of finfish, mollusks, crustaceans, marine animal and plant life, except marine mammals and birds.
- Crew members on commercial fishing vessels qualify only if their income is based on a share of the catch.
- If you own a fishing boat and lease it, you are eligible for income averaging only if lease arrangements are made based on a share of the catch.
- If you are involved in settlement from Exxon Valdez litigation as a plaintiff or beneficiary, you may be considered eligible for fishing income averaging.
Using elected farm income with Schedule J
You're not required to use all of your taxable farm and fishing income from the current year for income averaging, and it may be better to use only a portion. Whatever portion of your income you include, it’s called elected farm income on Schedule J, and it can include gain or loss from the sale of property and assets used in your business. It cannot exceed the taxable income reported on your Form 1040. Schedule J and its instructions guide you through calculation of tax on your current year elected farm income as well as the three base years to calculate your averaged income.
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